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Emotions in virtual communication
Emotions in virtual communication differ in a variety of ways from those in face-to-face interactions due to the characteristics of computer mediated communication (CMC). CMC may lack many of the auditory and visual cues normally associated with the emotional aspects of interactions.〔Kelly, J. R. and Barsade, S.G. (2001). ("Mood and Emotions in Small Groups and Work Teams" ). Organizational behavior and human decision processes 86(1): 99-130.〕 Research in this area has investigated how and when individuals display and interpret various emotions in virtual settings.
==Expression of emotion==
While text-based communication eliminates audio and visual cues, there are other methods for adding emotion. Emoticons, or emotional icons, can be used to display various types of emotions. Similar to emotional displays in face-to-face communication, it was found that females tend to use more emoticons than their male counterparts.〔Wolf, A. (2000). "Emotional expression online: Gender differences in emoticon use." CyberPsychology & Behavior 3(5): 827-833.〕 Beyond simply using emoticons, in virtual communication platforms, people tend to capitalize letters or words to add emphasis to speaking.〔Kiesler, S. and Sproull, L. (1992). "Group decision making and communication technology." Organizational behavior and human decision processes 52(1): 96-123.〕
There are a variety of characteristics of virtual communication that result in an increase in the amount of emotion displayed. The lack of social cues in CMC has been found to have a depersonalizing effect.〔Siegel, J., Dubrovsky, V., Kiesler, S., and McGuire, T. (1986). "Group processes in computer-mediated communication." Organizational behavior and human decision processes 37(2): 157-187.〕 Additionally, there can be greater anonymity or perceptions of anonymity in virtual communication. This combination of anonymous and social detached communication has been shown to increase the likelihood of flaming (Internet), or angry and hostile language as a result of uninhibited behavior.〔Alonzo, M. and Aiken, M. (2004). "Flaming in electronic communication." Decision Support Systems 36(3): 205-213.〕〔Moor, P. J., Heuvelman A., and Verleur, R. (2010). ("Flaming on youtube" ). Computers in Human Behavior 26(6): 1536-1546.〕
Furthermore, it has been shown that virtual communication can reduce normative social pressures.〔Bordia, P. (1997). ("Face-to-face versus computer-mediated communication: A synthesis of the experimental literature" ). Journal of Business Communication 34(1): 99.〕 As a result of decreased social pressures, individuals may feel more comfortable disclosing either positive or negative affect, which may not be considered appropriate in normal face-to-face interactions. For example, in a large part due to decreased social hierarchies, Gilmore and Warren (2007) found many instances of feelings of intimacy, playfulness, and pride in a virtual teaching environment.〔Gilmore, S. and Warren, S. (2007). "Themed article: Emotion online: Experiences of teaching in a virtual learning environment." Human Relations 60(4): 581.〕
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